⭐ Z‑Score

A z‑score tells you how many standard deviations an observation is from the mean.

What it does

• Centers the data at 0
• Scales it so the standard deviation is 1
• Keeps the shape of the distribution
• Makes different datasets comparable

Example

Population mean , standard deviation .
What is the z‑score of ?

Interpretation:
The value is 1.5 standard deviations above the mean.

🎨 Intuition

Z‑scores are like saying, “How unusual is this photo compared to the rest?”