How to stop WordPress from sending comment email notifications
To stop WordPress from sending you email notifications whenever someone leaves a comment on your website (or when a comment is held for moderation), follow these steps. This applies to self-hosted WordPress.org sites (the most…
How to stop Google Scholar from automatically adding articles to your profile
Google Scholar has a setting called “Updates” that controls whether new publications are added to your profile automatically or only after your approval. According to Google Scholar’s own documentation, “You can choose to have your…
Bonferroni correction – What It Is and Why It Matters
The Bonferroni correction is a statistical method used to reduce the risk of Type I errors (false positives) when you run multiple hypothesis tests. Every time you test a hypothesis, there’s a chance you’ll incorrectly…
Type I and type II errors
Type I Error (False Positive) You reject a true null hypothesis — you conclude something is happening when it actually isn’t. Example:A medical test says a patient has a disease, but they actually don’t. Type…
independent samples in hypothesis testing
🧩 What “Independent Samples” Means Two samples are independent when the individuals in one group have no relationship to the individuals in the other group. This is the setup for the independent‑samples t‑test, also called…
One sample t-test
A one‑sample t‑test checks whether the mean of a single sample is significantly different from a known or hypothesized population mean. It answers the question: “Is my sample mean different enough from the population mean…
Student’s t-test & Student’s t-distribution
A t‑test is a hypothesis test used when you want to compare means but you don’t know the population standard deviation and your sample size is small. It’s used for: One‑sample t‑test → compare one…
The choice of significance level in hypothesis testing
The significance level, usually written as , is the threshold for how much evidence you require before rejecting the null hypothesis. It is the probability of making a Type I error: So choosing α is…
hypothesis testing using p-value
The p‑value is the probability of getting a result as extreme as (or more extreme than) your sample result if the null hypothesis were true. In other words: The p‑value tells you how surprising your…
hypothesis testing with critical values
Instead of using a p‑value, you compare your test statistic (like a z‑score or t‑score) to a critical value that marks the boundary of the rejection region. If your test statistic falls beyond the critical…
Fisher vs Neyman battle
🧪 Ronald Fisher: The p‑value Rebel Philosophy: Evidence, not decisions Fisher believed statistics should help scientists measure evidence against a null hypothesis. Key ideas Fisher’s vibe: The scientist as a detective, gathering clues and weighing…
setting up the hypothesis
At the heart of every hypothesis test are two competing statements about a population: They must be:Mutually exclusive (can’t both be true)Exhaustive (cover all possibilities)About population parameters, not sample statistics Let’s break down how to…